Home to 1.5 million inhabitants,3 including approximately 100,000 refugees,4 the city of Kampala keeps attracting rural migrants and refugees. While vulnerable refugees, who have the right to access the same basic services as Ugandans, tend to settle in sub-standard neighborhoods across the capital city, the continuous in ux of vulnerable urban dwellers is putting pressure on already overburdened basic services. Findings from this assessment were meant to provide KCCA – the government institution running the city – and key aid actors intervening in the city, to develop evidence-based localized responses to address these challenges and develop a municipal strategy to support vulnerable populations.